Introduction

In the study of dispensational theology, history is often divided into distinct eras, or “dispensations,” in which God deals with mankind in specific ways. Each dispensation carries unique responsibilities and divine tests for humanity. One of the earliest of these is known as the Dispensation of Conscience, which followed directly after the Dispensation of Innocence in the Garden of Eden.

When Adam and Eve sinned by disobeying God’s command not to eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, they lost their innocence. They were cast out of Eden and now had the knowledge of good and evil within themselves. From this point forward, humanity was guided not merely by external instruction but by an inner awareness of right and wrong; a conscience.

The Dispensation of Conscience spans from the Fall of Man (Genesis 3) to the Flood (Genesis 6–9), a period of roughly 1,600 years according to biblical chronology.

The Beginning of Conscience

The turning point came in Genesis 3:6–7:

“And when the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was pleasant to the eyes, and a tree to be desired to make one wise, she took of the fruit thereof, and did eat, and gave also unto her husband with her; and he did eat. And the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked; and they sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons.” (KJV)

Here, the immediate consequence of disobedience is the awakening of moral awareness, shame, guilt, and the recognition of sin. Humanity could no longer act in innocence. Instead, each person would now be responsible for responding to the knowledge of good and evil implanted in the conscience.

Paul later confirms this reality in Romans 2:14–15:

“For when the Gentiles, which have not the law, do by nature the things contained in the law, these, having not the law, are a law unto themselves: Which shew the work of the law written in their hearts, their conscience also bearing witness, and their thoughts the mean while accusing or else excusing one another.” (KJV)

Thus, during this dispensation, humanity was governed internally by conscience and externally by the instruction God had already given.

The Responsibilities of Man Under Conscience

Under this dispensation, man’s responsibilities included:

1. To do good and shun evil – guided by the inner voice of conscience.
2. To offer acceptable worship to God – demonstrated in the sacrifices of Cain and Abel.
3. To heed God’s direct instructions – such as the command that sacrifices be made with the shedding of blood.

This is first seen in the account of Cain and Abel:

“And in process of time it came to pass, that Cain brought of the fruit of the ground an offering unto the Lord. And Abel, he also brought of the firstlings of his flock and of the fat thereof. And the Lord had respect unto Abel and to his offering: But unto Cain and to his offering he had not respect. And Cain was very wroth, and his countenance fell.” (Genesis 4:3–5, KJV)

Here, conscience was tested in the matter of sacrifice. Abel’s sacrifice of a lamb recognized the necessity of blood atonement (foreshadowing Christ), while Cain’s offering of fruit ignored this divine standard. The result was tragic, leading to Cain murdering his brother and further proving man’s failure under conscience.

The Progression of Sin

Rather than restraining evil, the conscience of man proved insufficient to uphold righteousness apart from divine intervention. The world became increasingly wicked.

Genesis 6:5 records the tragic result:

“And God saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually.” (KJV)

Instead of obeying their God-given conscience, mankind indulged in corruption and violence. The spread of sin escalated until God declared judgment through the flood.

The Judgment: The Great Flood

Because humanity failed in the Dispensation of Conscience, judgment came in the form of the flood.

Genesis 6:7–8 says:

“And the Lord said, I will destroy man whom I have created from the face of the earth; both man, and beast, and the creeping thing, and the fowls of the air; for it repenteth me that I have made them. But Noah found grace in the eyes of the Lord.” (KJV)

Noah, though living in an age of corruption, responded to God’s grace by faith and obedience. He built the ark, preached righteousness, and preserved his family. This marks the transition from the Dispensation of Conscience to the Dispensation of Human Government, which began after the flood.

Lessons from the Dispensation of Conscience

The failure of mankind during this dispensation teaches profound spiritual lessons:

1. The weakness of human conscience alone – While conscience can accuse or excuse, it cannot empower righteousness apart from God.
2. The necessity of divine revelation – Man requires not only conscience but also God’s Word to know His will.
3. The foreshadowing of Christ’s sacrifice – Abel’s acceptable offering pointed to the ultimate blood sacrifice of redemption made by the Lord Jesus Christ.
4. The universal corruption of mankind – Left to himself, man drifts not toward God but toward evil, proving the universality of sin.

As Paul writes in Romans 3:23:

“For all have sinned, and come short of the glory of God.” (KJV)

The dispensation demonstrates that man cannot be saved by conscience, works, or human morality. Salvation must come by God’s grace through faith, ultimately fulfilled in Christ.

Conclusion

The Dispensation of Conscience highlights humanity’s inability to live rightly even with the knowledge of good and evil implanted within the heart. From Adam and Eve’s sin to Cain’s rebellion and the corruption leading to the flood, mankind repeatedly failed to heed the voice of conscience.

Yet even in this dark era, God’s grace was evident, in Abel’s sacrifice, in His warning to Cain, and supremely in His preservation of Noah. This reminds us that though conscience condemns, God’s plan of redemption through Jesus Christ provides salvation.

As Paul testifies in Romans 5:20–21:

“Moreover the law entered, that the offence might abound. But where sin abounded, grace did much more abound: That as sin hath reigned unto death, even so might grace reign through righteousness unto eternal life by Jesus Christ our Lord.” (KJV)

The Dispensation of Conscience stands as a testimony to the need for God’s grace and the futility of man’s efforts apart from Him.